Blog

Carotenoids are very long-chain water-repelling pigments that are synthesized in the plastids of plant cells. In the sunflower, a common carotenoid, ß-carotene, is produced in the chromoplasts of the ray flowers to produce bright yellow-orange colors. These pigments primarily absorb in the blue wavelengths, allowing the longer wavelengths to be scattered and producing the yellow color. In autumn foliage, the carotenoids are left over in the chloroplasts and revealed from the loss of chlorophyll.Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments produced via the flavonoid pathway in the cytoplasm of the colored plant cell. The attachment of the sugar molecule makes them particularly soluble in the sap of the vacuole, where these molecules are stored…..once they are launched. These are responsible for the pink-red colors of most flower petals, of most red fruits (like apples) and almost all red leaves during the autumn. Anthocyanins absorb light in the blue-green wavelengths, allowing the red wavelengths to be scattered by the plant tissues to make these organs visible to us as red.

The Harvard Forest is a department of Harvard University’s Faculty of Arts & Sciences and a member of the U.S. LTER Network supported by the National Science Foundation. Learn More about Our funders.

The chlorophylls, a and b, are the pigments of photosynthesis. They are produced in chloroplasts in the photosynthetic tissues of the leaf. The chlorophyll molecules are very water repelling, partly because of the long phytol tail in the molecule. The closed ring of the molecule is similar to the hemoglobin of our blood, but holds a magnesium ion rather than iron. It is a large and expensive molecule to make, partly because each ring contains four nitrogen atoms. Chlorophyll is normally broken down towards the end of the leaf life span, and much of the nitrogen is resorbed by the plant.Plants make an amazing variety of pigment molecules, far more than animals. After all, plants are creatures of light. They sense light to control their growth and rapid responses to the environment, and they use light as their source of energy. Plants produce pigments to advertise rewards for animals which pollinate flowers and disperse seeds. Thus, pigments may have physiological and/or biological functions.

Cardmarket uses cookies and other related tools. Aside from required cookies, we also apply other types of cookies, but only if you consent to them. These cookies help us improve our product by analyzing user data and applying personalized functions. If you accept all cookies, we will transfer your data to our partners, who will aggregate this data with other website data about you. You will find further information on individual cookies in our Privacy Policy, where you can adjust your cookie settings. This is where you can withdraw your consent to the various types of cookies on the website. About UsUpon examining the given clues, we have managed to identify a total of 1 possible solutions for the crossword clue „Chandra and Thoth“. In an effort to arrive at the correct answer, we have thoroughly scrutinized each option and taken into account all relevant information that could provide us with a clue as to which solution is the most accurate.To enhance your search results and narrow down your query, you can refine them by specifying the number of letters in the desired word. Additionally, if you already know certain letters within the word, you can provide them in the form of a pattern using the symbol “?” to represent unknown letters. Let’s take an example pattern: “d?f???ul?”.

We provide the likeliest answers for every crossword clue. Undoubtedly, there may be other solutions for Chandra and Thoth. If you discover one of these, please send it to us, and we’ll add it to our database of clues and answers, so others can benefit from your research.Today’s crossword puzzle clue is a quick one: Chandra and Thoth. We will try to find the right answer to this particular crossword clue. Here are the possible solutions for “Chandra and Thoth” clue. It was last seen in The LA Times quick crossword. We have 1 possible answer in our database.

The deep purple pigments you might see in plants exposed to prolonged bright sunlight are anthocyanins, another Swiss-army knife pigment with dual protective functions. In addition to absorbing ultraviolet light that could otherwise be damaging to the plant cell, these pigments also protect against frost damage. A high concentration of this pigment is one of the reasons behind the vegetable kale’s frost hardness. Not only that, but the color of anthocyanins is pH dependent and is the reason behind hydrangea color variation.Finally, our last pigment group for the day are flavonoids, the compounds we so often are looking to include in our diets in the forms of fruits and vegetables, due to their antioxidative and anti-inflammatory health benefits. In plants, they serve a multitude of functions, including yellow, red and blue flower color, UV light filtration, antimicrobial defenses, and assistance in cold and heat tolerance. Talk about wearing many hats! Now, anthocyanins technically belong within the flavonoid category, but we gave them their own section since their deep purple color plays a prominent role in common leaf varieties. It’s with the help of other flavonoids, however, that fruits and vegetables come to the table in a wide variety of colors and health benefits!

The most commonly known green pigments are chlorophyll a and b, which capture light in photosynthesis, allowing plants to produce sugar and expel oxygen as a byproduct. That’s good news for hungry, oxygen-breathing mammals like us!The orange, red and yellow pigments that we encounter in the autumn season are carotenoids – pigments with a dual purpose! These are used to extend the range of the light absorbed in photosynthesis and to absorb excess light energy on days with overly intense sunlight. After absorbing the excess energy, the excited carotenoids gradually release it as heat, protecting the chlorophyll that could otherwise have been damaged. You encounter carotenoids more often than you may think, since this is the pigment that lends carrots their bold orange color.

While this article only scratched the surface of how plants bring their pigments to life, I hope this brief introduction helped color in some of the blank spaces in your plant knowledge. Who knows, it may even come in handy? Next time you’re on Zoom with your family and friends, you can point out the purple-variegated houseplant in the background and say, “Check out the anthocyanins on that beauty!”

Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them.We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Atmospheric pressure is an indicator of weather. Changes in the atmosphere, including changes in air pressure, affect the weather. Meteorologists use barometers to predict short-term changes in the weather. Developers and researchers are also using the smartphone’s crowdsourcing capabilities to make more accurate weather forecasts. Apps like PressureNet automatically collect barometric measurements from each of its users, creating a vast network of atmospheric data. This data network makes it easier and faster to map out storms as they develop, especially in areas with few weather stations.

The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited.In 1844, the French scientist Lucien Vidi invented the aneroid barometer. An aneroid barometer has a sealed metal chamber that expands and contracts, depending on the atmospheric pressure around it. Mechanical tools measure how much the chamber expands or contracts. These measurements are aligned with atmospheres or bars.

Today’s digital barometers measure and display complex atmospheric data more accurately and quickly than ever before. Many digital barometers display both current barometric readings and previous one-, three-, six-, and 12-hour readings in a bar chart format, much like a barograph. They also account for other atmospheric readings such as wind and humidity to make accurate weather forecasts. This data is archived and stored on the barometer and can also be downloaded onto a computer for further analysis. Digital barometers are used by meteorologists and other scientists who want up-to-date atmospheric readings when conducting experiments in the lab or out in the field.A barometer measures atmospheric pressure in units of measurement called atmospheres or bars. An atmosphere (atm) is a unit of measurement equal to the average air pressure at sea level at a temperature of 15 degrees Celsius (59 degrees Fahrenheit).

Torricelli’s water barometer was more than 10 meters (35 feet) in height, which rose above the roof of his home! This odd device caused suspicion among Torricelli’s neighbors, who thought he was involved in witchcraft. In order to keep his experiments more secretive, Torricelli deduced that he could create a much smaller barometer using mercury, a silvery liquid that weighs 14 times as much as water.For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact [email protected] for more information and to obtain a license. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. She or he will best know the preferred format. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. A barometer is a scientific instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure, also called barometric pressure. The atmosphere is the layers of air wrapped around Earth. That air has a weight and presses against everything it touches as gravity pulls it to Earth. Barometers measure this pressure. The number of atmospheres drops as altitude increases because the density of air is lower and exerts less pressure. As altitude decreases, the density of air increases, as does the number of atmospheres. Barometers have to be adjusted for changes in altitude in order to make accurate atmospheric pressure readings.

A rapid drop in atmospheric pressure means that a low-pressure system is arriving. Low pressure means that there isn’t enough force, or pressure, to push clouds or storms away. Low-pressure systems are associated with cloudy, rainy, or windy weather. A rapid increase in atmospheric pressure pushes that cloudy and rainy weather out, clearing the skies and bringing in cool, dry air.The aneroid barometer has a circular display that indicates the present number of atmospheres, much like a clock. One hand moves clockwise or counterclockwise to point to the current number of atmospheres. The terms stormy, rain, change, fair, and dry are often written above the numbers on the dial face to make it easier for people to interpret the weather. Aneroid barometers slowly replaced mercury barometers because they were easier to use, cheaper to buy, and easier to transport since they had no liquid that could spill.

The digital barometer is now an important tool in many of today’s smartphones. This type of digital barometer uses atmospheric pressure data to make accurate elevation readings. These readings help the smartphone’s GPS receiver pinpoint a location more accurately, greatly improving navigation.

The pascal (Pa) is the unit of pressure or stress in the International System of Units (SI). It is named after the scientist and mathematician Blaise Pascal. One pascal is equivalent to 1 newton (N) of force applied over an area of 1 square meter (m).

The pascal is also used to measure stress, specifically tectonic stress in the Earth’s plates. For most engineering problems, the unit is too small to properly represent pressure or stress, which is why it is often expressed in its multiples, like the kilopascal (kPa), megapascal (MPa), millibar (100 Pa), etc.

Since pressure and surface area are inversely related, an object of a smaller surface area generates a higher pressure than a larger object. This explains why a small pin or screw can penetrate a concrete wall when only a small or moderate force is applied, but a human thumb fails to do the same even if the force applied is larger.

In some countries, such as the U.S., pressure is expressed as pounds per square inch (PSI). But, in most other countries that use metric and SI measurements, the pascal is used to measure pressure.A value of 5 Pa below atmospheric pressure would create a small suction pressure, whereas 5 Pa above atmospheric pressure would create a strong vacuum at the opposite end of the vacuum scale. 5 Pa below is also known as -5 Pa gauge, while 5 Pa above is also known as 5 Pa absolute. A perfect vacuum would correspond to absolute zero pressure.

Geophysicists use the unit to study tectonic stresses acting on the Earth’s plates. Material scientists use it to measure the elasticity, stiffness, tensile strength and compressive strengths of different materials.Consider an object being pushed against a wall with a force of 400 N. The surface area that the object makes with the wall is 0.0008 m. Using this data, pressure can be calculated as follows:

Blaise Pascal is also the namesake behind the well-known Pascal’s law, which is used to develop hydraulic systems. A principle in fluid mechanics, it states that a change in pressure in a fluid creates the same change everywhere within the body of the fluid.Conclusion: Fatty and fibroglandular tissue can be differentiated on MR images of the breast with high precision and accuracy, therefore allowing assessment of breast density. The conclusions of researchers who used mammographic density patterns should be reassessed.

Objective: A method for segmenting MR images of the breast was applied to determine fatty and fibroglandular tissue volumes in breasts of women in different age groups. The results were compared with subjective assessments of breast density from X-ray mammograms in the same patients.Results: The accuracy of the MR imaging segmentation of the phantom was of the order of 2%. In our subjects, fat content was 42.5% +/- 30.3% (mean +/- SD) on mammography versus 66.5% +/- 18% on MR images. Although we found a significant correlation (r = .63) between the two techniques, mammography poorly differentiated breasts containing less than 45% fat. When our analysis included only dense breasts (i.e., those containing less than 75% fat on MR images), the correlation coefficient decreased to .34. The largest discrepancies between mammography and MR imaging occurred in breasts that had 60-80% fat as measured on MR imaging.Materials and methods: Two experienced mammographers assessed the percentage of fat in the breasts of 40 women who were 20-83 years old. MR images were obtained on a 1.0-T scanner equipped with a bilateral receive-only breast coil. Images were acquired using a three-dimensional T1-weighted gradient-echo sequence with a 1.25 x 1.4 x 2.5 mm resolution. On average, breast parenchyma appeared in 30 images in each breast. Image segmentation was based on a semiautomated, two-compartmental (fatty and fibroglandular tissue) model that accounts for partial volume effects. To validate the accuracy of the MR imaging segmentation technique, we performed a phantom study using an identical imaging sequence.The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.The most important thing to know about the Chandra Special Operations branch of ALEPH’s Assault Subsection is that it does not exist. Sharing their name with a Hindu lunar deity, these urban legends have been blamed for numerous calamities, though usually by sources traceable to the Nomads. Despite independent investigations by O-12, PanOceania, and Yu Jing each confirming ALEPH and Bureau Toth’s insistence that there is no Chandra unit, rumours persist. Already able to access the Dasyus, ALEPH has no need to create an independent black ops team. Especially when it knows that failing to disclose such a unit is a clear violation of the Utgard accords. Unless there was some dire need for deniable, untraceable assets. In which case, anyone who took part in such operations would certainly have difficulty remembering the events—if they even happened in the first place.Don’t go looking for records on Chandra operatives, because you won’t find any. The only references to these intelligence agents come from unconfirmed and unreliable Nomad sources. According to some Arachne-exclusive reports and stories, they are a clandestine unit of the Special Situations Section. The Chandra are not affiliated to any known Subsection, they manage their own finances and their activities are a secret. They answer only to ALEPH. Of course, all of this violates the Utgard Accords, the legal framework for the AI’s liberty of action. Their mere existence is a blatant breach of legality and has been repeatedly denied by ALEPH, Bureau Toth and specialists from PanOceania and Yu Jing. Nevertheless, Nomad sources claim that these Chandra, whose namesake is a Hindu lunar deity, are part of a secret initiative orchestrated by ALEPH to take care of those black operations that both S.S.S. Subsections are unable to undertake due to their notoriety. If Arachne is to be believed, the Chandra are an elite special force comprised only of outstanding troops, that work under the protection of ALEPH and defend its interests across the Sphere. They can act with impunity because the AI can erase any trace they might leave on the data sphere, as well as investigate and neutralize anyone who looks too deeply into them… Just like you are, right now…”

Singer and poet Arlo Parks released the 2020 song “Black Dog” just a few weeks before she became an ambassador for a British mental health charity. The song deals with mental health, and the title “Black Dog” is a term that Winston Churchill used for “depression”.The city of Des Moines is the capital of Iowa, and takes its name from the Des Moines River. The river in turn takes its name from the French “Riviere des Moines” meaning “River of the Monks”. It looks like there isn’t any “monkish” connection to the city’s name per se. “Des Moines” was just the name given by French traders who corrupted “Moingona”, the name of a group of Illinois Native Americans who lived by the river. However, others contend that French Trappist monks, who lived a full 200 miles from the river, somehow influenced the name. Thoth was an ancient Egyptian god who was depicted as a man with the head of either a baboon or an ibis. He was the god of many things, including wisdom, writing, magic and the dead. Chelsea buns look like cinnamon rolls with currants incorporated. They were first produced in the 1700s in a bakery called the Bun House in the Chelsea district of London, hence the name.Lake Itasca in northern Minnesota is the main source of the Mississippi River. Known by Native Americans as “Elk Lake”, the name was changed by Henry Schoolcraft, who led the 1832 expedition to find the source of the Mississippi River. The name “Itasca” is formed from the Latin words for “truth” (ver-ITAS) and “head” (CA-put).Kamala Harris was a US Senator for California starting in 2017, after serving for six years as the Attorney General of California. In early 2019, Harris announced her run for the Democratic nomination for US president in the 2020 election. Although she dropped out of the race, she was chosen by eventual nominee Joe Biden as his vice-presidential running mate. When the Biden-Harris ticket won the election, Harris became the highest-ranking female politician in the history of the US.Agnes de Mille was a dancer and choreographer from New York City. She was the niece of famous director Cecil B. DeMille, and the daughter of William C. deMille who was also a Hollywood director. Agnes turned to dance after she was told that she was “not pretty enough” to pursue her first love, which was acting …

The town of Orono is home to the University of Maine that was founded in 1862. The college is actually located on an island (Marsh island) lying between the Penobscot and Stillwater rivers. The town of Orono is named after Joseph Orono, a chief of the Penobscot Nation. The school’s athletic teams are named the Maine Black Bears.

There are some very specific terms used to describe the children born to Japanese immigrants in their new country. The immigrants themselves are known as “Issei”. “Nisei” are second generation Japanese, “Sansei” the third generation (grandchildren of the immigrant), and “Yonsei” are fourth generation.The Barclays Center is an arena in Brooklyn, New York that is home to the Brooklyn Nets of the NBA, and to the New York Islanders of the NHL. Barclays ended up paying over $200 million for the naming rights, even though the London-based banking group has no retail banks or ATMs in the US.A torr is a unit of measure for pressure chosen to be equal to the fluid pressure of a millimeter of mercury. However, when one is talking specifically about blood pressure, we usually talk about “millimeters of mercury”, and not torr.

Chicago’s Michigan Avenue is home to many of the city’s landmarks, including the Chicago Water Tower, the Art Institute of Chicago, Millenium Park and the Magnificent Mile shopping district.

“Stet” is a Latin word meaning “let it stand”. In editorial work, the typesetter is instructed to disregard any change previously marked by writing the word “stet” and then underscoring that change with a line of dots or dashes.“Truant” is such a lovely word. We have been using it to describe someone who wanders from an appointed place since the mid-1400s. Prior to that, a truant was a beggar or a vagabond.

Gamma radiation was discovered by the French chemist Paul Villard, as he studied radiation coming from the chemical element radium. This radiation was called “gamma”, the third letter in the Greek alphabet, as alpha and beta particles had already been identified.Gnarls Barkley is a duo made up of instrumentalist Danger Mouse (aka Brian Burton) and rapper Cee-Lo Green (aka Thomas Calloway). The name “Gnarls Barkley” is a melding of the individual names Prince Gnarls and Bob Gnarley. These names are parodies of Prince Charles and Bob Marley. “Ragtag and bobtail” is a colorful phrase that’s used to describe the lowest classes, or the rabble. A “bobtail” is a horse that has had its tail cut short, a word that goes back as least as far as Shakespeare as he used it in “King Lear”. A “tag” is a piece of cloth that is torn and hanging, which was readily combined with “rag” in the original phrase “tag, rag and bobtail”. This idiom, perhaps originally quoted from Samuel Pepys in his diary in 1659, referred to the lower classes as “tag, rag and bobtail, dancing, singing and drinking”. The phrase evolved, giving us our contemporary word “ragtag” meaning ragged and unkempt. The S.E.A Aquarium in Singapore’s Marine Life Park was the world’s largest aquarium (by volume of water) when it opened in 2012. It contains 12 million US gallons of water, and is home to over 100,000 marine animals.

“Precious” is a 2009 big screen adaptation of the 1996 novel “Push” written by Sapphire. It certainly has been very successful, helped by winning numerous awards at its opening in various film festivals including Sundance and Cannes. The film also benefited from promotional assistance from Oprah Winfrey and Tyler Perry, two of the co-producers. Included in the cast is Mariah Carey who plays the social worker working with “Precious”, the title character.

A Caprese salad (“insalata caprese” in Italian) is a relatively simple, but delicious, salad comprising sliced mozzarella and tomatoes, with sweet basil and seasoned with salt and olive oil. It is thought the dish originated on the island of Capri, hence the name “Caprese”. I am a huge fan …“Hannah and Her Sisters” is a 1986 comedy-drama film that was written and directed by Woody Allen. Hannah is played by Mia Farrow, and Hannah’s two sisters are played by Barbara Hershey and Dianne Wiest.

“Mo’Nique” is the stage name of the comedian and actress Monique Angela Hicks. Mo’Nique is best known these days for her Oscar-winning performance in the 2009 movie “Precious”. “Arlo Parks” is the stage name of British singer and poet Anaïs Marinho. Parks seems to have hit the big time early in her career, with her first studio album “Collapsed in Sunbeams” garnering a lot of positive attention. The Labrador (Lab) breed of dog has been around at least since 1814, and the chocolate Labrador appeared over a century later in the 1930s. The name “Labrador Retriever” is simply a reference to the breed’s origin and behavior. Labs originally “retrieved” from the “Labrador Sea”.

A young bird is said to have fledged when its wing muscles and feathers have developed enough for it to fly. The term “fledgling” is used for a bird that has fledged, but is still reliant on a parent for food and protection. The verb “to fledge” means “to acquire feathers”. We use the term “fledgling” more generally to describe any person who is inexperienced.Dianne Wiest is an actress from Kansas City, Missouri. Wiest has won two Best Supporting Actress Academy Awards, for “Hannah and Her Sisters” in 1987 and for “Bullets over Broadway” in 1995. In both movies, she was directed by Woody Allen.

In general, a person with type O-negative blood is a universal donor, meaning that his or her blood can be used for transfusion into persons with any other blood type: A, B, AB or O, negative or positive (although there are other considerations). Also in general, a person with type AB-positive blood is a universal recipient, meaning that he or she can receive a transfusion of blood of any type: A, B, AB or O, negative or positive.

Old Lyme is a town in Connecticut that is named for the English town of Lyme Regis. The towns of Old Lyme and its neighbor Lyme gave their name to Lyme disease, as a number of cases of the disease were identified there in 1975.

Something described as motley is mottled, marked with different-colored spots. The term probably comes from the Old English word “mot” meaning “speck”. We can use the term “motley” figuratively to mean “diverse, heterogeneous”.

The NBA’s Brooklyn Nets were the New Jersey Nets until 2012, and were based in Newark. Prior to 1977, the team was known as the New York Nets and played in various locations on Long Island. Ten years earlier, the Nets were called the New Jersey Americans and were headquartered in Teaneck, New Jersey. For MOUNTAIN NEAR OLYMPUS the solution Ossa is especially popular at the moment. Other possible solutions for MOUNTAIN NEAR OLYMPUS can be found in the solution table above. For MOUNTAIN NEAR OLYMPUS the shortest solution has only 4 letters. The longest solution for MOUNTAIN NEAR OLYMPUS has 4 letters in total. You are welcome to send us more solution suggestions.The only solution is Ossa, which has 21 letters . Ossa ends with a and starts with O. Correct or incorrect? We in the Support Team know one sole solution with 4 letters. Is this right? If yes, that’s wonderful ! If you don’t agree , we’d be thankful for sending us your hint. Perhaps you have even more answers for the term MOUNTAIN NEAR OLYMPUS. You can submit this answer here: Additional solution for MOUNTAIN NEAR OLYMPUS.

1. The foundation of a perfect sticky bun is excellent pastry dough. A sweet roll of any kind, shape or flavor must have excellent dough. Without flavorful, tender, featherlike dough, it doesn’t matter how great your caramel mixture is that enrobes that bun, the foundation of a sticky bun is the dough. (See above: mashed potatoes)

Bake the rolls in a 350-degree oven for 24-28 minutes being sure the internal temperature is 185 degrees. Do not let the roll tops overbrown. Tent with foil during the last 10 minutes of baking if necessary.

3. Toasted nuts make a richer flavor. If you choose to add nuts to your classic sticky bun, giving the dry nuts a pre-toast in a dry skillet will develop their flavors tremendously. Pro-tip: Try several nuts in the amount you are using to ensure they are not spoiled. Fresh is best here, or frozen will work well too.

Several years ago, when I began my journey of motherhood and staying home to raise children and work on the farm, I fed my love of cooking for my family, one recipe after another. When I was free of children, I devoured cookbooks, reading them like novels, gleaning important information that would help me become better and more consistent in the kitchen. Something about baking was cathartic for me, and I did it whenever I could.

Digital Instant Read Thermometer: This purchase made my baking, cooking, grilling and smoking better. Temperatures of sticky buns in the center of the roll should be 185F before removing from oven.2. The caramel mixture has a balance of sweetness and has a “sticky” texture. The caramel mixture that drapes over the edges of the sticky bun is classic. These buns will be served “turned out” which means after baking, the pan will be removed from the oven and the rolls delicately turned out so the caramel drips over the top. The balance of caramel to soft, delicate pastry dough is key. Don’t be foolish and double the caramel recipe, more isn’t always better. Too much caramel, and your rolls will be smashed under the weight.Place in greased bowl, flip dough over so both sides are well greased then cover lightly with plastic wrap and let rise until double. (60-75 mins). Punch down dough. Let relax for 5 minutes.