Blog

Today, Scotland has a population of just over five million people, the majority of whom consider themselves Scottish. In addition, there are many more people with Scots ancestry living abroad than the total population of Scotland.

Lowland Scots, also known as Lallans or Doric, is a language of Germanic origin. It has its roots in Northern Middle English. After the wars of independence, the English used by Lowland Scots speakers evolved in a different direction from that of Modern English. Since 1424, this language, known to its speakers as Inglis, was used by the Scottish Parliament in its statutes. By the middle of the 15th century, the language’s name had changed from Inglis to Scottis. The reformation, from 1560 onwards, saw the beginning of a decline in the use of Scots forms. With the establishment of the Protestant Presbyterian religion, and lacking a Scots translation of the Bible, they used the Geneva Edition. From that point on, God spoke English, not Scots. Scots continued to be used in official legal and court documents throughout the 18th century. However, due to the adoption of the southern standard by officialdom and the Education system the use of written Scots declined. Lowland Scots is still a popular spoken language with over 1.5 million Scots speakers in Scotland. Scots is used by about 30,000 Ulster Scots and is known in official circles as Ullans. In 1993, Ulster Scots was recognised, along with Scots, as a variety of the Scots language by the European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages.In the Early Middle Ages, Scotland saw several ethnic or cultural groups mentioned in contemporary sources, namely the Picts, the Gaels, the Britons, and the Angles, with the last of these settling in the southeast of the country. Culturally, these peoples are grouped according to language. Most of Scotland until the 13th century spoke Celtic languages, and these included, at least initially, the Britons, as well as the Gaels and the Picts. Germanic peoples included the Angles of Northumbria, who settled in south-eastern Scotland in the region between the Firth of Forth to the north and the River Tweed to the south. They also occupied the southwest of Scotland up to and including the Plain of Kyle. Their language, Old English, was the earliest form of the language which eventually became known as Scots.

The number of Americans with a Scottish ancestor is estimated to be between 9 and 25 million (up to 8.3% of the total US population), and “Scotch-Irish”, 27 to 30 million (up to 10% of the total US population), but these subgroups overlap and are often not distinguishable. The majority of Scotch-Irish originally came from Lowland Scotland and Northern England before migrating to the province of Ulster in Ireland (see Plantation of Ulster) and thence, beginning about five generations later, to North America in large numbers during the 18th century.A steady rate of Scottish immigration continued into the 20th century and substantial numbers of Scots continued to arrive after 1945. From 1900 until the 1950s, Scots favoured New South Wales, as well as Western Australia and Southern Australia. A strong cultural Scottish presence is evident in the Highland Games, dance, Tartan Day celebrations, clan and Gaelic-speaking societies found throughout modern Australia.

The Norn language was spoken in the Northern Isles into the early modern period – the current Shetland and Orcadian dialects are heavily influenced by it to this day. From 1500 on, Scotland was commonly divided by language into two groups of people, Gaelic-speaking “Highlanders” (the language formerly called Scottis by English speakers and known by many Lowlanders in the 18th century as “Erse”) and the Inglis-speaking “Lowlanders” (a language later to be called Scots). However, movement between the two regions increased over the last few centuries. Highlanders moved to major cities (e.g. Glasgow and Edinburgh) and regions bordering the southern Highlands (e.g. Lowland Stirlingshire and Perthshire). This is evidenced by people with traditional Gaelic surnames (including anglicised varieties) currently living in these areas. Lowlanders also settled in Highland regions such as Moray, which was traditionally Gaelic-speaking but replaced with Doric in the 19th century. Today, immigrants have brought other languages, such as Polish, Punjabi and Urdu, but almost every adult throughout Scotland is fluent in the English language. The first Scots to be mentioned in Russia’s history were the Scottish soldiers in Muscovy referred to as early as the 14th century. Among the ‘soldiers of fortune’ was the ancestor of the famous Russian poet Mikhail Lermontov, called George Learmonth. A number of Scots gained wealth and fame in the times of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. These include Admiral Thomas Gordon, Commander-in-Chief of Kronstadt, Patrick Gordon, Paul Menzies, Samuel Greig, Charles Baird, Charles Cameron, Adam Menelaws and William Hastie. Several doctors to the Russian court were from Scotland, the best-known being James Wylie.However, many Scottish surnames have remained predominantly Gaelic albeit written according to English orthographic practice (as with Irish surnames). Thus MacAoidh in Gaelic is Mackay in English, and MacGill-Eain in Gaelic is MacLean and so on. Mac (sometimes Mc) is common as, effectively, it means “son of”. MacDonald, MacDougal, MacAulay, Gilmore, Gilmour, MacKinley, Macintosh, MacKenzie, MacNeill, MacPherson, MacLear, MacAra, Bruce, Campbell, Fraser, Oliver, Craig, Lauder, Menzies, Stewart, Galloway and Duncan are just a few of many examples of traditional Scottish surnames. There are, of course, also the many surnames, like Wallace and Morton, stemming from parts of Scotland which were settled by peoples other than the (Gaelic) Scots. The most common surnames in Scotland are Smith and Brown, which each come from more than one origin: e.g. Smith might be a translation of Mac a’ Ghobhainn (thence also e.g. MacGowan), and Brown can refer to the colour, or be akin to MacBrayne.

Other European countries have had their share of Scots immigrants. The Scots have emigrated to mainland Europe for centuries as merchants and soldiers. Many emigrated to France, Poland, Italy, Germany, Scandinavia, and the Netherlands. Recently some scholars suggested that up to 250,000 Russian nationals may have Scottish ancestry.As the third-largest ethnic group in Canada and amongst the first Europeans to settle in the country, Scottish people have made a large impact on Canadian culture since colonial times. According to the 2011 Census of Canada, the number of Canadians claiming full or partial Scottish descent is 4,714,970, or 15.10% of the nation’s total population.Many royal grants and privileges were granted to Scottish merchants until the 18th century, at which time the settlers began to merge more and more into the native population. “Bonnie Prince Charlie” was half Polish, since he was the son of James Stuart, the “Old Pretender”, and Clementina Sobieska, granddaughter of Jan Sobieski, King of Poland. In 1691, the City of Warsaw elected the Scottish immigrant Aleksander Czamer (Alexander Chalmers) as its mayor.

In the 2013 American Community Survey 5,310,285 identified as Scottish and 2,976,878 as of Scots-Irish descent. Americans of Scottish descent outnumber the population of Scotland, where 4,459,071 or 88.09% of people identified as ethnic Scottish in the 2001 Census.

The Scots integrated well and many acquired great wealth. They contributed to many charitable institutions in the host country, but did not forget their homeland; for example, in 1701 when collections were made for the restoration fund of the Marischal College, Aberdeen, Scottish settlers in Poland gave generously.By 1592, the Scottish community in Rome was big enough to merit the building of Sant’Andrea degli Scozzesi (St Andrew of the Scots). It was constructed for the Scottish expatriate community in Rome, especially for those intended for priesthood. The adjoining hospice was a shelter for Catholic Scots who fled their country because of religious persecution. In 1615, Pope Paul V gave the hospice and the nearby Scottish Seminar to the Jesuits. It was rebuilt in 1645. The church and facilities became more important when James Francis Edward Stuart, the Old Pretender, set up residence in Rome in 1717, but were abandoned during the French occupation of Rome in the late 18th century. In 1820, although religious activity was resumed, it was no longer led by the Jesuits. Sant’Andrea degli Scozzesi was reconstructed in 1869 by Luigi Poletti. The church was deconsecrated in 1962 and incorporated into a bank (Cassa di Risparmio delle Province Lombarde). The Scottish Seminar also moved away. The Feast of St Andrew is still celebrated there on 30 November. Knox College’s Dr Stuart Macdonald, who specialises in early modern Scottish history, writes that during the 18th and 19th centuries, the people of Scotland remained grouped into multiple ethnicities: The Northern Isles and some parts of Caithness were Norn-speaking (the west of Caithness was Gaelic-speaking into the 20th century, as were some small communities in parts of the Central Highlands). From 1200 to 1500, the Early Scots language spread across the lowland parts of Scotland between Galloway and the Highland line, being used by Barbour in his historical epic The Brus in the late 14th century in Aberdeen.There is still debate whether Scots is a dialect or a language in its own right, as there is no clear line to define the two. Scots is usually regarded as a midway between the two, as it is highly mutually intelligible with English, particularly the dialects spoken in the North of England as well as those spoken in Scotland, but is treated as a language in some laws.

To speak of Scots as a single ethnic group is also somewhat problematic. It would be more accurate in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to talk of two distinct Scottish ethnic communities divided by language and culture, and, at times, mutual antagonisms – Highlanders and Lowlanders.According to the 2011 Australian census, 130,204 Australian residents were born in Scotland, while 1,792,600 claimed Scottish ancestry, either alone or in combination with another ancestry. This is the fourth most commonly nominated ancestry and represents over 8.9% of the total population of Australia.

Scottish Gaelic is a Celtic language with similarities to Irish. Scottish Gaelic comes from Old Irish. It was originally spoken by the Gaels of Dál Riata and the Rhinns of Galloway, later being adopted by the Pictish people of central and eastern Scotland. Gaelic (lingua Scottica, Scottis) became the de facto language of the whole Kingdom of Alba. Meanwhile, Gaelic independently spread from Galloway into Dumfriesshire. It is unclear if the Gaelic of 12th-century Clydesdale and Selkirkshire came from Galloway or other parts of Scotland. The predominance of Gaelic began to decline in the 13th century, and by the end of the Middle Ages, Scotland was divided into two linguistic zones, the English/Scots-speaking Lowlands and the Gaelic-speaking Highlands and Galloway. Gaelic continued to be spoken widely throughout the Highlands until the 19th century. The Highland clearances actively discouraged the use of Gaelic, and caused the number of Gaelic speakers to fall. Many Gaelic speakers emigrated to countries such as Canada or moved to the industrial cities of lowland Scotland. Communities, where the language is still spoken natively, are restricted to the west coast of Scotland; especially the Hebrides. However, some Gaelic speakers also live in the cities of Glasgow and Edinburgh. A report in 2005 by the Registrar General for Scotland based on the 2001 UK Census showed about 92,400 people or 1.9% of the population can speak Gaelic, while the number of people able to read and write it rose by 7.5% and 10% respectively. Outwith Scotland, there are communities of Scottish Gaelic speakers such as the Canadian Gaelic community; though their numbers have also been declining rapidly. The Gaelic language is recognised as a minority language by the European Union. The Scottish Parliament is also seeking to increase the use of Gaelic in Scotland through the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005. Gaelic is now used as a first language in some schools and is prominently seen in use on dual language road signs throughout the Gaelic-speaking parts of Scotland. Many Scottish surnames have become anglicised over the centuries. This reflected the gradual spread of English, initially in the form of Early Scots, from around the 13th century onwards, through Scotland beyond its traditional area in the Lothians. It also reflected some deliberate political attempts to promote the English language in the outlying regions of Scotland, including following the Union of the Crowns under King James VI of Scotland and I of England in 1603, and then the Acts of Union of 1707 and the subsequent defeat of rebellions. It is said that the first people from the Low Countries to settle in Scotland came in the wake of Maud’s marriage to the Scottish king, David I, during the Middle Ages. Craftsmen and tradesmen followed courtiers and in later centuries a brisk trade grew up between the two nations: Scotland’s primary goods (wool, hides, salmon and then coal) in exchange for the luxuries obtainable in the Netherlands, one of the major hubs of European trade.Records from 1592 mention Scots settlers who were granted citizenship of Kraków give their employment as traders or merchants. Fees for citizenship ranged from 12 Polish florins to a musket and gunpowder, or an undertaking to marry within a year and a day of acquiring a holding.

By 1600, trading colonies had grown up on either side of the well-travelled shipping routes: the Dutch settled along the eastern seaboard of Scotland; the Scots congregating first in Campvere—where they were allowed to land their goods duty-free and run their own affairs—and then in Rotterdam, where Scottish and Dutch Calvinism coexisted comfortably. Besides the thousands (or, according to one estimate, over 1 million) of local descendants with Scots ancestry, both ports still show signs of these early alliances. Now a museum, ‘The Scots House’ in the town of Veere was the only place outwith Scotland where Scots Law was practised. In Rotterdam, meanwhile, the doors of the Scots International Church have remained open since 1643.

In the English language, the word Scotch is a term to describe a thing from Scotland, such as Scotch whisky. However, when referring to people, the preferred term is Scots. Many Scottish people find the term Scotch to be offensive when applied to people. The Oxford Dictionary describes Scotch as an old-fashioned term for “Scottish”.According to the Social Scottish Attitudes research, 52% of Scottish people identified as having no religion in 2016. As a result, Scotland has thus become a secular and majority non-religious country, unique to the other UK countries.

Many people of Scottish descent live in other parts of the United Kingdom. In Ulster particularly the colonial policies of James VI, known as the plantation of Ulster, resulted in a Presbyterian and Scottish society, which formed the Ulster-Scots community. The Protestant Ascendancy did not however benefit them much, as the ascendancy was predominantly Anglican. The number of people of Scottish descent in England and Wales is difficult to quantify due to the many complex migrations on the island, and ancient migration patterns due to wars, famine and conquest. The 2011 Census recorded 708,872 people born in Scotland resident in England, 24,346 resident in Wales and 15,455 resident in Northern Ireland.

Northamptonshire town Corby became a centre for Scottish migration in the 1930s. In 1961 a third of residents were born in Scotland, and in 2011 the figure was 12.7%.Much settlement followed the Highland Potato Famine, Highland Clearances and the Lowland Clearances of the mid-19th century. In the 1840s, Scots-born immigrants constituted 12% of the non-Aboriginal population. Out of the 1.3 million migrants from Britain to Australia in the period from 1861 to 1914, 13.5% were Scots. Just 5.3% of the convicts transported to Eastern Australia between 1789 and 1852 were Scots.

In modern times the words Scot and Scottish are applied mainly to inhabitants of Scotland. The possible ancient Irish connotations are largely forgotten. The language known as Ulster Scots, spoken in parts of northeastern Ireland, is the result of 17th- and 18th-century immigration to Ireland from Scotland.Anglicisation is not restricted to language. In his Socialism: critical and constructive, published in 1921, future British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald wrote: “The Anglification of Scotland has been proceeding apace to the damage of its education, its music, its literature, its genius, and the generation that is growing up under this influence is uprooted from its past, and, being deprived of the inspiration of its nationality, is also deprived of its communal sense.”

The Scots (Scots: Scots Fowk; Scottish Gaelic: Albannaich) are an ethnic group and nation native to Scotland. Historically, they emerged in the early Middle Ages from an amalgamation of two Celtic-speaking peoples, the Picts and Gaels, who founded the Kingdom of Scotland (or Alba) in the 9th century. In the following two centuries, the Celtic-speaking Cumbrians of Strathclyde and the Germanic-speaking Angles of north Northumbria became part of Scotland. In the High Middle Ages, during the 12th-century Davidian Revolution, small numbers of Norman nobles migrated to the Lowlands. In the 13th century, the Norse-Gaels of the Western Isles became part of Scotland, followed by the Norse of the Northern Isles in the 15th century.

The modern people of Scotland remain a mix of different religions and no religion. Christianity is the largest faith in Scotland. In the 2011 census, 53.8% of the Scottish population identified as Christian. The Protestant and Catholic divisions still remain in the society. About 14.4 per cent of the population identifies as Catholic, according to the Scottish Household Survey for 2014. In Scotland the main Protestant body is the Church of Scotland which is Presbyterian. The high kirk for Presbyterians is St Giles’ Cathedral. In the United States, people of Scottish and Scots-Irish descent are chiefly Protestant, especially in the US South, with many belonging to the Baptist or Methodist churches or various Presbyterian denominations.

Originally the Romans used Scotia to refer to Ireland. The Venerable Bede (c. 672 or 673 – 27 May, 735) uses the word Scottorum for the nation from Ireland who settled part of the Pictish lands: “Scottorum nationem in Pictorum parte recipit.” This can be inferred to mean the arrival of the people, also known as the Gaels, in the Kingdom of Dál Riata, in the western edge of Scotland. It is of note that Bede used the word natio (nation) for the Scots, where he often refers to other peoples, such as the Picts, with the word gens (race). In the 10th-century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the word Scot is mentioned as a reference to the “Land of the Gaels”. The word Scottorum was again used by an Irish king in 1005: Imperator Scottorum was the title given to Brian Bóruma by his notary, Mael Suthain, in the Book of Armagh. This style was subsequently copied by the Scottish kings. Basileus Scottorum appears on the great seal of King Edgar (1074–1107). Alexander I (c. 1078–1124) used the words Rex Scottorum on his great seal, as did many of his successors up to and including James VI.Historian Susan Reynolds has put forward how, since the Middle Ages, there have been attempts to obfuscate the ethnic plurality of Scottish people due to the political practicalities of nation building. Academics have explored how 15th and 16th-century Scottish poets and orators, such as Blind Harry, constructed terms such as ‘trew Scottis’ in an effort to diminish differences between the ethnic groups living within Scotland in the popular consciousness.

By the 17th century, an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 Scots lived in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Many came from Dundee and Aberdeen. Scots could be found in Polish towns on the banks of the Vistula as far south as Kraków. Settlers from Aberdeenshire were mainly Episcopalians or Catholics, but there were also large numbers of Calvinists. As well as Scottish traders, there were also many Scottish soldiers in Poland. In 1656, a number of Scottish highlanders seeking opportunities abroad, emigrated to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to enlist in the Swedish Army under Charles X Gustav in his war against it. James Murray created the Polish navy and participated in the Battle of Oliwa. A series of four Polish novels include him as Captain Mora or Flying Scotsman. The writer Jerzy Bohdan Rychliński [pl] was supported by navy historian Jerzy Pertek.

By 1830, 15.11% of the colonies’ total non-Aboriginal population were Scots, which increased by the middle of the century to 25,000, or 20–25% of the non-Aboriginal population. The Australian Gold Rush of the 1850s provided a further impetus for Scottish migration: in the 1850s 90,000 Scots immigrated to Australia, far more than other British or Irish populations at the time. Literacy rates of the Scottish immigrants ran at 90–95%. By 1860, Scots made up 50% of the ethnic composition of Western Victoria, Adelaide, Penola and Naracoorte. Other settlements in New South Wales included New England, the Hunter Valley and the Illawarra.A number of Scottish people settled in South Africa in the 1800s and were known for their road-building expertise, their farming experience, and architectural skills.

A Russian scholar, Maria Koroleva, distinguishes between ‘the Russian Scots’ (properly assimilated) and ‘Scots in Russia’, who remained thoroughly Scottish.Historically, Scottish people have spoken many different languages and dialects. The Pictish language, Norse, Norman-French and Brythonic languages have been spoken by forebears of Scottish people. However, none of these is in use today. The remaining three major languages of the Scottish people are English, Scots (various dialects) and Gaelic. Of these three, English is the most common form as a first language. There are some other minority languages of the Scottish people, such as Spanish, used by the population of Scots in Argentina.

The modern games of curling and golf originated in Scotland. Both sports are governed by bodies headquartered in Scotland, the World Curling Federation and the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews respectively. Scots helped to popularise and spread the sport of association football; the first official international match was played in Glasgow between Scotland and England in 1872.A 1974 International Political Science Association report defined this ethnic plurality in Scotland as the following: “The basic ethnic and cultural division in the British Isles has been that between the Anglo-Saxon peoples of England and the Scottish Lowlands and the Celtic peoples of Wales, Ireland and the Scottish Highlands. Use of the Gaelic language spread throughout nearly the whole of Scotland by the 9th century, reaching a peak in the 11th to 13th centuries, but was never the language of the south-east of the country. King Edgar divided the Kingdom of Northumbria between Scotland and England; at least, most medieval historians now accept the ‘gift’ by Edgar. In any case, after the later Battle of Carham the Scottish kingdom encompassed many English people, with even more quite possibly arriving after the Norman invasion of England in 1066. South-east of the Firth of Forth, then in Lothian and the Borders (OE: Loðene), a northern variety of Old English, also known as Early Scots, was spoken. In 2014, historian Steven L. Danver, who specialises in indigenous ethnic research, wrote regarding Lowlands Scots and Gaelic Scots’ unique ancestries: “The people of Scotland are divided into two groups – Lowland Scots in the southern part of the country and Highland Scots in the north – that differ from one another ethnically, culturally, and linguistically … Lowlanders differ from Highlanders in their ethnic origin. While Highland Scots are of Celtic (Gaelic) descent, Lowland Scots are descended from people of Germanic stock. During the seventh century C.E., settlers of Germanic tribes of Angles moved from Northumbria in present-day northern England and southeastern Scotland to the area around Edinburgh. Their descendants gradually occupied all of the Lowlands.”

Scottish migration to New Zealand dates back to the earliest period of European colonisation, with a large proportion of Pākehā New Zealanders being of Scottish descent. However, identification as “British” or “European” New Zealanders can sometimes obscure their origin. Many Scottish New Zealanders also have Māori or other non-European ancestry.

Having trouble solving the crossword clue “Woolly meadow matriarch”? Why not give our database a shot. You can search by using the letters you already have!Upon examining the given clues, we have managed to identify a total of 1 possible solutions for the crossword clue „Woolly meadow matriarch“. In an effort to arrive at the correct answer, we have thoroughly scrutinized each option and taken into account all relevant information that could provide us with a clue as to which solution is the most accurate.

In December 2020, Gray murders Tina in the living room of the house by strangling her to death, after she discovers he murdered Chantelle and threatens to expose him.In 2014 Cora Cross moved in with Abi, Lauren and Dexter. Later, Abi and Lauren move back into 5 Albert Square. Dexter moves to Birmingham to live with his mum in January 2015. In April 2015, Cora gets evicted after E20 Building & Property Renovation begin refurbishing the building. She moves away from Walford to live with her daughter Tanya Cross, but is later found to be homeless.

In 2008 Poppy Merritt had a brief stint as the doctor but left in April 2009 and then Al Jenkins had become the new doctor and replaced her. Al moves out in early 2010 when he decides to move to Cornwall. Heather Trott moves in with her baby George in September 2010. They move back out due to faulty heating in 2011.

In April 2019, Gray Atkins bought the house as a surprise for his wife Chantelle Atkins so she could be closer to her family and the new hair salon she worked at. They moved in with their children Mia and Mackenzie.Oliver Cousins lived in flat 1B from January to May 2006 but then left the Square for a new job in Leeds. Next May Wright lived in the flat with her then husband Rob Minter, but then they separated. May was in custody for trying to kidnap Summer Swann. She came back to get Summer but her plan failed and she died by lighting a cigarette when the gas oven was on and caused a huge fire.Later in November 2015, his mother Claudette Hubbard also moved in. After Vincent left, Kim & Pearl moved back in with Patrick, leaving the house unoccupied.1 Albert Square (Cranleigh) is a house on Albert Square, Walford. This building was previously split into 3 flats for over 80 years, until 2015, when property developers knocked the flats through into one single property. In April 2019, Gray Atkins bought the house as a surprise for his wife Chantelle and their children Mia and Mackenzie. After Gray was arrested for Chantelle’s murder in the house, Chelsea Atkins and their newborn son, Jordan Atkins, move back into her family home, whilst Mia and Mackenzie remain with Mitch Baker moving in to care for them. However, when Chelsea discovers Gray can’t pay for the house she moves back in with Jordan and Whitney Dean offers to also move in and help.

In March 2022, Gray was arrested for the 3 murders he had committed, leaving the house empty. While he still owns the house, Chelsea Fox, Jordan Atkins and Whitney Dean are currently living there. Later on in the year, Chelsea and Whitney struggle to afford the cost of living in Number 1, and discuss the idea of renting out rooms. In October, Chelsea interviews a potential housemate, however Felix Baker and Finlay Baker convince him living with Chelsea, Whitney and baby Jordan is a bad idea, as they want to move in. They manage to secure a place in the house and soon move in to Number 1.In September 2020, after months of his abuse, Chantelle plans to leave Gray, however he murders her in the kitchen before she is able to escape. After Chantelle’s death, as Gray starts a downwards spiral, Shirley Carter moves in to help him out. A few weeks later her sister Tina Carter moves in after she is evicted from 41 Albert Square.

The top flat of 1 Albert Square (known as 1C) was originally the home of The Sullivan Family, Mother Ivy and her three kids Sally, Margaret and Gavin. They move out by 1970. Lofty Holloway moved into 1C in 1985, he later married Michelle Fowler, he lived there with her and Michelle’s daughter, Vicki. They all move out by 1988.

NOTE: Please do not add content from the BBC iPlayer’s early episodes until it has been aired on television, as it is intrusive to our readers who may not have seen the episode on iPlayer. Repeated intentional offences of this rule could lead to a ban, Many thanks the EastEnders Wiki admin team.In November 2015, 1 Albert Square was renovated by E20 Building & Property Renovation and all the flats were changed into one house. The house was sold through Duncan Roe Estates and was bought by Vincent Hubbard. He, as well as his wife, Kim, and their child, Pearl, moved into the property. Like the Scouse accent, Glaswegian evolved into its own unique thing because of its location. Glasgow is a port city in the western Lowlands of Scotland, near the River Clyde. Scots is very similar to English. For a taste of the language, try watching this video. You should be able to figure out what is being said, even if the words sound different. If you turn on the closed captioning, you will see many words that you recognise.Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland. The locals are called “Glaswegians” and they speak in a very distinctive way. It is called Glaswegian or Glasgow patter.

We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page..In her later years, Lou is plagued with ill-health. In July 1988, she returns from a holiday in her beloved Leigh-on-Sea feeling distinctly unwell. Fearing she is dying, she takes the opportunity to announce to her nearest and dearest exactly what she thinks of them, even managing to make a truce of sorts with nemesis Pat. After gathering her clan of Beales and Fowlers around her, she has a few choice words of wisdom and encouragement for each family member. The next morning, she is discovered dead in her bed by daughter Pauline, having died peacefully in her sleep the previous night. Her friends and family mourn her death affectionately, never quite managing to forget the irreplaceable “old bag”. Lou Beale is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Anna Wing. Her first appearance is in the first episode, which was broadcast on 19 February 1985, and her last is in episode 362, first shown on 26 July 1988, after which the character was killed off. The character is played by Karen Meagher in the 1988 EastEnders special, CivvyStreet, set during the Second World War. She appears in 232 episodes. Wing was set to appear in a stage play of Adrian Mole, which would have clashed with the filming of EastEnders. Julia Smith refused to offer her any leeway and informed her that she had to take a gamble — she could either turn down the play, meaning that if she failed to get the part of Lou she would have lost two jobs, or she could give up the possibility of playing Lou and accept the play. Wing decided to turn down the play and she was subsequently given the role of Lou. An early choice in the casting process, Wing had the face, voice and attitude that Tony Holland had imagined for the character. She was told by producers to bring something from her own background to the role.Lou is a central character, who remains at the heart of the series during her time on screen and is later still occasionally referred to by long-running characters in a nostalgic nod back to the show’s early history. There remains, however, a certain level of uncertainty and conflicting information regarding the character’s background, in particular the number of offspring she supposedly produced.The creators of EastEnders, Tony Holland and Julia Smith, had always intended the programme to be primarily based around a large family “in old East-end tradition”. By the 1980s, such families were on the decline in the East End. Natives had begun to emigrate out of East London to the wider area around Ilford, Romford, Chelmsford and Eastbourne. However, there were still some that refused to uproot and leave the area that had been home to many generations of their family.In the show’s earliest episodes, Pauline Fowler (Wendy Richard) and Pete Beale (Peter Dean) are the only two of Lou’s offspring to feature on screen. Through character dialogue in episodes first shown in July 1985, the audience are told of the existence of four other children: Keith, Paul, Norma and Shirley — who were said to be living in Billericay, Romford and Eastbourne. As the series progressed, Keith, Paul and Shirley were apparently forgotten in favour of other children and were not mentioned again; Norma was mentioned occasionally throughout 1985.

Kenny appeared in EastEnders for a brief stint in episodes shown in February 1988, and is seen as a young child in the December 1988 spin-off CivvyStreet. Harry and Ronnie also appear in the spin-off episode, but do not appear in the television serial itself.Lou’s original character outline as written by series creators Julia Smith and Tony Holland appeared in an abridged form in their book, EastEnders: The Inside Story:”A lively 70 year old. Archetypal East-end mother-earth figure. Fat, funny, sometimes loud, often openly sentimental. An obsessive view of family…she can be a stubborn cruel “old bag” when she wants to be, sometimes keeping “atmospheres” going for months. It was always Lou’s house that was used for the big family celebrations. Especially Christmas. Twenty or more people crammed into a tiny house. Five sisters wedged into a minuscule kitchen; drinking gin and orange; wearing funny hats; all wearing aprons; laughing raucously and trying to cook a huge dinner at the same time. Lou’s house was also the meeting place for the family Sunday teas. Ham, or tinned salmon salad. Bread and butter. Jelly and tinned cream. And, tea…the changing face of the area (especially the immigrants) is a constant source of fear to her, but then she doesn’t go out much. She prefers to be at home, or on a trip down memory lane: day trips to Southend – the Kursaal, Rossi’s ice-cream and a plate of cockles; one wonderful week’s holiday in a caravan in Clacton; fruit picking in Essex; Christmas; weddings; street parties…She has a soft spot for her son, Pete…” (page 51). She was a family orientated character, particularly opposed to change and determined to hold on to the ever-diminishing traditions of the East End. Most of her storylines were family based, which included various feuds, most notably with Pat Wicks (Pam St. Clement), the ex-wife of her son who showed up in Walford in 1986. Various scandals and hardships were thrown at the character and her family, which she stoically battled through in order to keep the close-knit family that she presided over, together. The character was also used for comedy, most regularly with the other older characters, Dot Cotton (June Brown) and Ethel Skinner (Gretchen Franklin), and she had a tendency to take to her bed and feign sickness if she didn’t get her own way. Her relationship with son-in-law Arthur (Bill Treacher) was another on-going sub-plot often used for comical effect — Lou portraying the stereotypical nagging mother-in-law and Arthur being the main protagonist for most of her displeasure, although they did share moments of closeness as well. In the episode first shown on 28 October 1986, viewers are made aware of another child who lives in New Zealand, Kenny Beale. In addition, the character of Lou Beale also features heavily within a series of spin-off EastEnders novels by Hugh Miller, set prior to 1985 and published in 1986. Within the novelisations readers are introduced to further characters from Lou’s history: sons Harry and Ronnie, a daughter Dora and siblings Elsie, Liz, Queenie and Terence. Kenny also features in the books. In the EastEnders novels, Harry, Dora and Ronnie have moved away from home when in their twenties and have lost contact with their mother. The Beales’ fruit and veg stall on Bridge Street market is said to have passed to Ronnie after his father’s death, and again passed to Pete when Ronnie moved away from Walford.

Lou is the archetypal East End matriarch throughout EastEnders’ first three years. An intimidating force within the local community, she is the dowager of Albert Square’s central family, the Beales and Fowlers. Never afraid to speak her mind, and woe betide anyone who manages to get on her wrong side, Lou has the respect of her friends and family, even if they do find her a bit of a nuisance at times.Lou’s fierce demeanour made an impact from the opening episode, with one of the popular press in Britain (The Sun newspaper) running the headline “Enter the dragon… Lou Beale!” Lou Beale was the first EastEnders character to be created by series co-creator Tony Holland, taking the inspiration for some of the series’ earliest characters from his own London family and background. In 1997, another of Lou’s children is introduced: Maggie Flaherty (Olivia Shanley), her eldest child, who was placed for adoption as she was born out of wedlock. Other than the already established Pete, Pauline and Kenny, Maggie remains the only sibling to appear in the on-screen serial. In 2000, an EastEnders book was published entitled EastEnders Who’s Who. The book pertains to the existence of Ronnie and yet another child, Maureen, who had both died. Harry and Dora are not mentioned in the book and neither Maureen nor Dora has been mentioned or seen on-screen, however, Pauline recounts the story of Arthur proposing to her on her unnamed sister’s wedding day on multiple occasions.Lou has a tempestuous relationship with her children-in-law Kathy Beale (Gillian Taylforth) and Arthur Fowler (Bill Treacher), blaming Kathy for Pete’s first divorce (something Lou regards as unnatural, despite her fervent dislike of Pat), and showing displeasure at Arthur’s unemployment; nothing he does is ever good enough for her daughter Pauline. In February 1985, she is furious to discover that Pauline is pregnant for the third time, her family already financially crippled by Arthur’s long stint of unemployment. Lou gives Pauline and Arthur the choice of an abortion, having the baby adopted or keeping the baby, but they will not be allowed to live in her house. The family try to bring her round, but she finally is won round when the family organise her a holiday in Clacton-on-Sea. Lou supports her grandson Ian Beale’s (Adam Woodyatt) choice to work in catering, which Ian’s father Pete does not approve of, wanting Ian to have a more masculine career. Lou is delighted at having another grandson named Martin’s (Jon Peyton Price), although she would have preferred him to be named Albert after her late husband. Her 16-year-old granddaughter Michelle Fowler (Susan Tully) finds out she is pregnant and Lou, Pauline and Kathy discuss Michelle’s options, settling on an abortion, but if Michelle wanted the baby, she could stay with Kathy’s sister Stephanie, though Michelle is furious with them deciding for her. Lou collapses in late 1985, prompting Dr Legg to send Lou into hospital for some tests and she is diagnosed with angina. The family have to make changes within the household to accommodate Lou’s health problems, such as moving her bedroom downstairs, however, Lou doesn’t take well to the changes.

The character was subsequently killed off, dying in her sleep in July 1988 after being frequently ill throughout the year. The character’s final episodes were written by Tony Holland and directed by Julia Smith. Lou spent her final day arranging her affairs, seeing various members of her family, passing on advice and giving them presents and at the end of the episode she announced: “That’s you lot sorted. I can go now.” At the start of episode 363, Lou was found to have died peacefully in her sleep. The episode then jumped a few days later to the day of her funeral — an emotional episode, which featured Pete breaking down at Lou’s graveside and ended with him proposing a toast in the Vic to absent friends and that “bloody old bag.” The episode was also notable for featuring, for the first time, a train crossing the railway viaduct in Bridge Street — a special-effects shot commissioned especially for the occasion. The train was actually a ten-second illusion, produced by the BBC’s electronic workshop. One EastEnders official commented: “It cost an arm and a leg, but old Lou was worth it.”Lou has a long-standing feud with Pat, having never forgiven her for having an affair with Kenny. Lou is plagued with mixed feelings when Kenny returns to London in 1988, after banishing him from their lives twenty years before. She has always had a difficult relationship with her son, feeling him to be “too big for the Square” and fears that Pat’s revelation, that he is the true father of Pete’s son Simon (Nick Berry), will tear her beloved family apart. Before his return to New Zealand, Lou manages to make amends with her estranged son, despite Pat’s malicious stirring – who later admits to Simon that Brian Wicks (Leslie Schofield) is his real father after all. The youngest of seven siblings, Lou was from a large East End family herself. Only her sister Flo (Linda Robson) came to outlive her. In 1990, Harry Osborne (John Boswall) returns to Albert Square – he had been engaged to Lou’s sister, Doris, but she married Morris Miller after Harry was presumed dead in the war. In 1993, Lou’s relative Nellie Ellis (Elizabeth Kelly) comes to stay with Pauline and Arthur. In 1997, it is discovered that Lou had given birth to another daughter, also fathered by Albert, who Lou had placed for adoption because she was conceived out of wedlock. Pauline, Ian and Mark travel to Ireland later that year to reunite with their long-lost family member, Maggie. In 2001, Mark names his stepdaughter Louise Mitchell (Rachel Cox) after Lou. In 2015, Ian’s grandson Louie Beale is also named after Lou. Lou’s affinity and ties with the area mean that she tends to view Albert Square as her own and thinks that gives her an excuse to intrude into people’s business as she sees fit. She is great friends with Dot Cotton (June Brown) and Ethel Skinner (Gretchen Franklin), her lifelong neighbours. She also has a good relationship with the local general practitioner, Dr Legg (Leonard Fenton) and an old Jewish pawnbroker known only as ‘Uncle’ (Leonard Maguire).The actress Anna Wing, who was now 70 years old and had been acting since the late 1930s, auditioned for the role. She was so keen to play the part that she turned up for the audition clutching her birth certificate to prove she was a Hackney greengrocer’s daughter and implored the producers to give her the job. When she first read for the part Holland and Smith felt that “she overacted terribly”, but on the second reading she “brought the performance down considerably”. There were initial fears over whether an actress of her age would have the stamina to survive EastEnders’ gruelling schedule, but when asked if she’d like to be in a popular soap, Wing replied “All my life I’ve been an actress, now I want to be a household name!”

Born in the East End at the outbreak of World War I, Lou lived in Walford all her life. She was born into a large working-class East End family, the youngest of seven siblings, and grew up with a strong sense of community spirit. In the 1930s, she fell in love with a local boy, Albert Beale (Gary Olson), and gave birth to his daughter, Maggie (Olivia Shanley), but placed her for adoption because she was born out of wedlock. By 1936, Lou and Albert had married and in 1938 moved to 45 Albert Square. They had six more children: Harry (Aaron Mason), Ronnie (Chase Marks), Dora, Kenny (Michael Attwell), and twins Pete (Peter Dean) and Pauline (Wendy Richard). Albert died in 1965, and Lou remained in the same house with Pauline and her husband, Arthur Fowler (Bill Treacher). Lou regularly intervened in her family’s affairs, especially when she disapproved of Pete’s relationship with Kathy Hills (Gillian Taylforth) because he had previously divorced his first wife, Pat (Pam St Clement), and she had banished her son Kenny to New Zealand in the 1960s for having an affair with Pat. Lou then watched her grandchildren Michelle (Susan Tully), Mark (David Scarboro/Todd Carty) and Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) grow up, with Pauline, Pete, Arthur and Kathy looking after her in her old age. In one episode she claims she was one of seven children, one boy and six girls, and on Christmas Day 1987, she states she is from a family of eight, five boys and three girls.To construct the focal family, Holland and Smith were helped considerably by Tony Holland’s recollections of his own East End background. Lou was the first EastEnders character to be created. She was based on Holland’s aunt Lou Beale, one of four sisters from a large Walthamstow family. Lou was mother to his cousins Peter and Pauline and married to Albert – a family set-up that would eventually be recreated on-screen and would go on to be forever hailed as the first family of EastEnders, the Beales and Fowlers. Peter Batt, who was one of the original scriptwriters of EastEnders, has stated that elements of Lou Beale were based on his mother.Lou was a frightening matriarch who domineered over both the Beale and Fowler families and most of her neighbours in Walford as well. The character did have a softer side, most often seen when interacting with her grandchildren. She was depicted as the linchpin of the Walford community and was often first to rally around her neighbours in times of trouble, or instruct various members of her clan to do so in her stead.

Today’s crossword puzzle clue is a quick one: Woolly meadow matriarch. We will try to find the right answer to this particular crossword clue. Here are the possible solutions for “Woolly meadow matriarch” clue. It was last seen in American quick crossword. We have 1 possible answer in our database.

The house was then owned by Phil Mitchell who lived there with his wife Kathy and their son Ben. Kathy left for Africa and Phil then shared the housed with Jamie Mitchell and later Lisa Fowler.After Ruby Allen is raped, Stacey manages to get Jack to rent Ruby one of the flats in the house. Ruby comments that it is strange to think she is now living in her dad’s old front room.

Honey, Adam, Will and Janet move into the flat together, but Honey kicks Adam out after exposing his cheating ways. However, she soon moves out as well, since Adam owns the flat.

When Phil moved into the The Queen Victoria with Sharon Rickman, Steve Owen became the new owner of No.5, later his wife Melanie Owen also moved in to live with him. It was then left unoccupied until Den Watts decided to buy it as his family home. When Den’s family fell apart, Johnny Allen bought the property and lived there untill his death. His daughter Ruby inherited the house and later leased it to Max & Tanya Branning.In September 2015 the house is on the market and is being sold by Duncan Roe Estates. On 5 April 2016 it was sold at auction by Sheltons Auctioneers to Jack Branning for £575,000. It was redeveloped into flats.

In November 2016, Lee and Whitney Carter move into 5B. After Lee and Whitney’s marriage breaks down Lee moves to Dover and Whitney moves back in to The Vic, leaving the flat empty. In August 2017 local high school teacher Gethin Pryce moves into 5B, but he moves out in November after his kiss with Bex Fowler is revealed. In January 2018 Jack shows new tenants round 5B and offers the flat to Masood Ahmed however he can’t afford the deposit and moves into Number 41 with his family.In early 2014 Max bought the house off Jack and lived alone. Abi and Lauren moved to 1B Albert Square to live with Cora Cross and Dexter Hartman. As of July 2014 Abi and Lauren moved back into 5 Albert Square. Later in 2015 Abi moved to 55 Victoria Road with Ben Mitchell, Lauren went to New Zealand and Max later went to prison. Max fell behind on mortgage payments and lost the house.

In January 1994, Richard Cole aka “Tricky Dicky” showed an interest in the old squat and over the coming months he had the house converted into flats, ending a 50 year period of the house being empty and occasionally inhabited by squatters. In June 1994, Sanjay Kapoor stayed in one of the flats but Cole did a bodged renovation as the flats had rats. Sanjay jokingly was compared to former Walford resident homeless Mandy Salter. After his past caught up with him in July 1994, Tricky fled the area never to be seen again. He later sold No. 5.After a gas leak at 31 Albert Square in January 2023, Harvey allows his girlfriend Jean to temporarily move into 5D with Stacey Slater and her children Lily, Arthur, and Hope, as well as the other residents, Eve Unwin and Alfie Moon. The gas leak is fixed within a week, so the Slaters move back to 31. When their landlord, Nish, ups the price of the rent for Number 31, Harvey asks Jean if he can move in to contribute to the household income. Jean agrees, so Harvey moves out of 5D leaving it empty. Sometime after Harvey moves out, Sam moves into 5D having perviously been staying underneath, in 5B. She allows her son, Ricky to stay with her after his fathers behaviour over Lily Slaters pregnancy resulted in her mother Stacey banning Ricky and his family from being a part of his and Lily’s baby’s life.

Following lucas moving out, Harvey and Dana Monroe move into 5D in April 2021. Aaron Monroe joins them in October. after Aaron’s arrival, Dana stays at 45 Albert Square for a bit to get a break from her family before moving back in soon after. When Aaron is exposed as a racist who tried to blow up The Argee Bhajee, he is arrested. Tom Cotton later moves in with Harvey and Dana to give the carters space after they discover Tina’s body. When Harvey begins a relasonship with Jean Slater during her Bipolar episode, she moves in with them however later moves out after being sectioned due to attempted suicide in SouthendIn January 2021, Chelsea Fox convinces Jack to let her dad, Lucas Johnson, move into one of his flats so she can keep an eye on him. Lucas moves into 5E until he’s sent back to prison later that year.

In June 2020 Ruby Allen moves out to another location on the Square. During lockdown, Tiffany Butcher-Baker and Keegan Butcher-Baker move into 5B. In October 2020, Jags is sent to prison, therefore moving out of the flat.No 5 Albert Square was built in about 1890 along with the rest of Albert Square and suffered damage as a result of a bomb being dropped nearby. The house was vacated and propped up by supports for the next 50 years.

Jack Branning later bought the property and continued to lease it to Max & Tanya and and children Abi, Lauren and Oscar. Due to marital problems, Tanya moved out and took Oscar. It was only Max, Abi and Lauren who still lived there. Joey Branning, Cora Cross and Dexter Hartman occasionally stayed there.

In August 2022, the Panesar children move to 41 Albert Square and in September, Ravi and Davinder Gulati join Suki in 5A, and Dana Monroe moves to Scotland. At the start of October, Ricky Mitchell convinces Jack to let his mum, Sam Mitchell, move into one of her flats after she is kicked out of 55 Victoria Road. Jack allows Sam to stay in 5B. Suki moves into Number 41 with her children, after her husband Nish Panesar is released from prison and wants the family all under one roof. Suki allows Ravi and Davinder remain in 5A, especially as he’s revealed to be Nish’s son, and therefore Suki’s stepson. Just like you, we enjoy playing Daily Themed Crossword game. Some levels are difficult, so we decided to make this guide, which can help you with Daily Themed Crossword Woolly meadow matriarch answers if you can’t pass it by yourself. Using our website you will be able to quickly solve and complete Daily Themed Crossword game which was created by the PlaySimple Games developer together with other games. We’ve listed any clues from our database that match your search for “A native of Glasgow”. There will also be a list of synonyms for your answer. The have been arranged depending on the number of characters so that they’re easy to find.If you’re looking for all of the crossword answers for the clue “Meadow browser” then you’re in the right place. We found 1 answers for this crossword clue.So, whilst Mammoths may not quite be as romantic as we like to think they are, there is certainly a lot of evidence that they do form strong bonds with their own social networks. Mammoths can live for up to 70 years in the wild, so being part of a group is important to them. Woolly mammoths were highly social animals. If an individual female was separated from the rest of its herd, the mammoth would not only suffer death slowly from a loner’s life, but also probably hunted by predators. These herds consisted of females and calves. Males lived a solitary life, only returning to a herd to reproduce. And mammoths needed to eat a lot of vegetation. Sometimes, they had to have 180–200 kg of grass, twice a man’s weight in food, every single day. Just like modern day elephants, mammoths seem to have had a strong bond between members of the herd. And that’s what the matriarch did. Whenever there was trouble, she came in to help. Mammoths evolved from hairless cousins in Africa and have become living fortresses against the cold. (Also, mammoths had small ears and short tails to prevent them from losing too much heat.) Insects were a source of irritation for these animals and the mud Mammoths spray on their head prevented the insects from biting. An important difference between mammoths and most other elephants was the blubber, reaching 10 cm (4 inches) thick.It is when we consider this level of grief and love for one another that we can truly admire the role of the matriarch. When a weak or aged Mammoths is jeopardising the safety of the herd, the wise old leader has to make the very difficult decision to leave that one behind to protect the rest of her family. In obedience and out of respect for her authority, the other females will follow her guidance, submitting willingly. Their grief must be overwhelming, but their loyalty to the matriarch is even stronger. 

Mothers and aunts are also prone to mourning a still-born calf. The mother of a dead calf (whether at birth or later on in its life) shows her grief through her physical disposition. Her eyes are sunken and her ears drooping, her mood is visibly miserable.Diet: Herbivore; The woolly mammoth is an herbivore that feeds mainly on tall tundra grasses and sedges, tearing up forage with their trunks and sometimes uprooting entire trees to access their leaves and edible branches. Baby woolies will consume small amounts of adults’ feces to inherit their beneficial digestive microbes. While most of a woolly mammoth’s food is taken from the tundra, they also venture into the open forests in search of fresh plant growth. all thrived on their grassland diet, which is so rich, so diverse. Grasses and mosses and all sorts of things And mammoths needed to eat a lot of vegetation. they to have 180–200 kg of grass, twice a man’s weight in food, every single day. In the Mountains they can be seen foraging for shrubs, grasses, roots and other small plants from under the snow.

The woolly mammoth is an herbivore that feeds mainly on tall tundra grasses and sedges, tearing up forage with their trunks and sometimes uprooting entire trees to access their leaves and edible branches. Baby woolies will consume small amounts of adults’ feces to inherit their beneficial digestive microbes. While most of a woolly mammoth’s food is taken from the tundra, they also venture into the open forests in search of fresh plant growth. Like elephants, Woolly mammoths are heavy drinkers and must ingest more than 200 liters of water (or snow) a day to survive.A woolly mammoth’s curved tusks are larger than those of any elephant, measuring up to thirteen feet around the curve in old bulls. Woolly mammoths are covered in a thick brown coat of guard hairs and a shorter wool-like undercoat (black in color to absorb heat), which they shed in the early spring. Woolies produce an oily skin secretion that waterproofs the outer layer of fur and gives it a glossy, greasy appearance.

Woolly mammoths had a thick layer of fur on its body as well as a thick layer of fat. This adaptation was used to cope with the coldest weather conditions. Woolly mammoths however would have had trouble living in a sub-tropical climate but they moult their coats to cope with the temperatures. In recent times the herds of mammoth have started to mix herds with Hadrosaurs and Sauropods for protection from large predators that may try to attack their young. It has been apparent that mammoths and these dinosaurs while herding together they do share some bonds. Many times there has been accounts of a predator attacking on of the hadrosaurs or the sauropods and the lead female mammoth while rush in and stab her tusks into the predator. They also can roughly communicate with the dinosaurs such as warning calls and signals that tell them where water is. Often the Mornings of The isle is filled with the trumpeting of Mammoths and hooting of hadrosaurs.  When an Mammoth in the herd dies, the entire herd will mourn its death, displaying emotions ranging from sympathy to denial. When a herd comes across the carcass of another mammoth, the family will always stop to investigate and ‘pay their respects’. The ritual usually involves the Mammoth gently touching and picking the bones up with their trunks. Sometimes, they will even attempt to cover the body with leaves and grass. If the mammoth was from their herd, they may even stay with the body for days or even weeks at a time.