Early reports of the species were confused with the cassava (Manihot esculenta). Consequently, Linnaeus mistakenly derived the generic name from the Taíno word for the latter, yuca. The Aztecs living in Mexico since before the Spanish arrival, in Nahuatl, call the local yucca species (Yucca gigantea) iczotl, which gave the Spanish izote. Izote is also used for Yucca filifera.
Why is it called yucca?
Early reports of the species were confused with the cassava (Manihot esculenta). Consequently, Linnaeus mistakenly derived the generic name from the Taíno word for the latter, yuca.
Yucca is also native northward to the coastal lowlands and dry beach scrub of the coastal areas of the southeastern United States, along the Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic States from coastal Texas to Maryland.The natural distribution range of the genus Yucca (49 species and 24 subspecies) covers a vast area of the Americas. The genus is represented throughout Mexico and extends into Guatemala (Yucca guatemalensis). It also extends to the north through Baja California in the west, northwards into the southwestern United States, through the drier central states as far north as southern Alberta in Canada (Yucca glauca ssp. albertana).
Yuccas have a very specialized, mutualistic pollination system; being pollinated by yucca moths (family Prodoxidae); the insect transfers the pollen from the stamens of one plant to the stigma of another, and at the same time lays an egg in the flower; the moth larva then feeds on some of the developing seeds, always leaving enough seed to perpetuate the species. Certain species of the yucca moth have evolved antagonistic features against the plant. They do not assist in the plant’s pollination efforts while continuing to lay their eggs in the plant for protection.
Yuccas have adapted to an equally vast range of climatic and ecological conditions. They are to be found in rocky deserts and badlands, in prairies and grassland, in mountainous regions, woodlands, in coastal sands (Yucca filamentosa), and even in subtropical and semitemperate zones. Several species occur in humid tropical zones (Yucca lacandonica) but most species occur in arid conditions, with the deserts of North America being regarded as the center of diversity for the genus.The flower petals are commonly eaten in Central America, but its reproductive organs (the anthers and ovaries) are first removed because of their bitterness. The petals are blanched for 5 minutes, and then cooked a la mexicana (with tomato, onion, chili) or in tortitas con salsa (egg-battered patties with green or red sauce). In Guatemala, they are boiled and eaten with lemon juice.
Yucca is a genus of perennial shrubs and trees in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Agavoideae. Its 40–50 species are notable for their rosettes of evergreen, tough, sword-shaped leaves and large terminal panicles of white or whitish flowers. They are native to the Americas and the Caribbean in a wide range of habitats, from humid rainforest and wet subtropical ecosystems to the hot and dry (arid) deserts and savanna.
Yuccas are widely grown as ornamental plants in gardens. Many species also bear edible parts, including fruits, seeds, flowers, flowering stems, and more rarely roots. References to yucca root as food often arise from confusion with the similarly pronounced, but botanically unrelated, yuca, also called cassava or manioc (Manihot esculenta). Roots of soaptree yucca (Yucca elata) are high in saponins and are used as a shampoo in Native American rituals. Dried yucca leaves and trunk fibers have a low ignition temperature, making the plant desirable for use in starting fires via friction. The stem (when dried) that sports the flowers is often used in collaboration with a sturdy piece of cedar for fire-making. In rural Appalachian areas, species such as Yucca filamentosa are referred to as “meat hangers.” With their sharp-spined tips, the tough, fibrous leaves were used to puncture meat and knotted to form a loop with which to hang meat for salt curing or in smokehouses. The fibers can be used to make cordage, be it sewing thread or rope.Yuccas are widely grown as architectural plants providing a dramatic accent to landscape design. They tolerate a range of conditions but are best grown in full sun in subtropical or mild temperate areas. In gardening centres and horticultural catalogues, they are usually grouped with other architectural plants such as cordylines and phormiums.
Yucca species are the host plants for the caterpillars of the yucca giant-skipper (Megathymus yuccae), ursine giant-skipper (Megathymus ursus), and Strecker’s giant-skipper (Megathymus streckeri).
What does a yucca symbolize?
Symbolism. Despite its laid back appeal, the yucca has quite a few symbolic meanings. These include new opportunities, loyalty, protection and purity. The latter is probably derived from this palm’s talents for recycling the air around it.
The yucca flower is the state flower of New Mexico in the southwest United States. No species name is given in the citation; however, the New Mexico Centennial Blue Book from 2012 references the soaptree yucca (Yucca elata) as one of the more widespread species in New Mexico.We’d love to hear from you! Do you just love your plants and want to share? Or, do you have a question or concern? Please reach out. Email is the BEST way to reach Auntie Joan as she is usually busy packing orders.
Displays rigid, sword-shaped leaves which are gray-green and powdery-blue low in the clump. The leaves then turn a dusky purple as they arch out. Swords turn more red in winter. Evergreen,
If you want to eradicate this caterpillar, you need to use Bt and cover all surfaces of the plant, including the underside of all leaves. The product can be purchased at your local garden center. Always follow label instructions.
Answer: It sounds like you have an infestation of what could be Citrus blackfly or Aleurocanthus wolgluni Ashby — what a mouthful! Citrus blackfly came to the U.S. from Mexico in 1935 and is mostly a problem in Florida. In commercial groves, parasitic wasps are used to biologically control infestations.
Question: Could you identify this plant for me? It recently split in two during a windstorm just after this picture was taken. I was planning to replant half in another spot. Now I wonder if it is nearing the end of its life span and I shouldn’t go to that expense. In a residential setting, an insecticidal soap solution combined with a spreader sticker such as neem oil should be a safe control. Please follow instructions and rates on product. – I referred to your article on sesame leaf rollers (see note below). I finally found the tiny green worms on my bougainvillea. I have been spraying on and off for two weeks, but couldn’t see what was causing the problem. My leaves show holes, lacing and eaten-away parts of the plants. I live in Pebble Creek in the West Valley, and several people have the same plant complaints. I wondered if that could be the source of the lady’s problems. The people at Lowe’s advised me to use Severin, so I have applied it by spraying but still found a worm three days later.Readers’ comments: A previous column’s question (Nov. 1 column) about the leaves on a bougainvillea being eaten has prompted responses from two readers:Answer: The plant in your photo is a Yucca recurvifolia or pendula. Yucca pendula grows to about 6 feet and usually takes about 10 years to reach that. Its overall life span is about 20 years. Typically Yucca pendula will create a large clump and rarely branches. I would guess yours is close to a decade in age.
Question: Can you tell us what to do to stop small black flies from eating all our oranges on our tree? They are devouring all the new citrus. They look like overgrown fruit flies, and the leaves and branches around where they are eating are covered with black flies.Brian Kissinger is director of horticulture at the Desert Botanical Garden. E-mail garden questions to [email protected]. Read previous columns at home.azcentral.com.
– You suggested it was a carpenter bee. I have grown bougies for more than 30 years and have never had carpenter bees eat them. What I have had trouble with is bougies and tacoma being eaten by sesame leaf rollers. I treat them with Bt (insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis) regularly and that seems to help. I wonder if this is the problem the writer is having.
Rare & ever-so-lust-worthy! With its soft, arching, smooth-edged, ever-purplish leaves and multiple stout, upright stems, this easy-to-grow, heat and drought tolerant Yucca delivers a thrilling hue for just about any situation and with a compact size of only 4-6’ tall and 3-5’ across, it won’t look out of scale in most gardens. A hybrid of Yucca desmetiana, it doesn’t exist in the wild, but is gladly received and so archi-tastefully designerish! Highly adaptable, it thrives here in the foggy Bay Area as well as in hot/humid or hot/dry climates. Develops a rounded, barrel-like rosette over time. It blooms July-August on stout stems bearing large clusters of waxy, translucent white, pendulous blooms. A sophisticated container subject! Combines tastefully with Graptoveria ‘Crested Form’. Hardy to 15-20 degrees F. Does best in well-drained soil.In temperate zones where winter temperatures fall below 5C, is will not survive outdoors and should be grown as a container plant which can be brought in for winter protection. If grown as a container plant, provide as much light as possible, in front of a a south facing window is ideal. It should not be heated in winter as long as there is no risk of temperatures falling below 5C. In warmer climates, plant out in full sun in well drained soil avoiding wall or house foundations.
Yuccas are sculptural plants that form a tree-trunk like growth as the fleshy, sword-shaped leaves die and are shed. In Summer a well-established plant will sometimes have spikes of creamy coloured bell-shaped, fragrant flower. Yucca aloifolia ‘Purpurea’ has green strap like leaves which have a hint of purple when in full sun. Produces a flower spike with white flowers.
Yucca is grown both indoors and out. Some varieties thrive down to USDA hardiness zone 3, but most like warmer weather. If you are planting your Yucca outside, site it where it will get full sun to part shade, check the tag on your plant to see what the light recommendations are for your variety. Yucca can handle just about any type of soil but it does not like wet feet, so plant in an area that drains well.
Is yucca a forb?
The word “forb” comes from grassland ecology, where plants are typically separated into three categories: forbs, woody plants, and grasses. Of note is that yucca is included as a forb even though it has above-ground growth (strongly fibrous stems and leaves) that overwinters like a woody plant.
Dig a hole for your plant that is as deep and twice as wide as the root ball and place the plant in the hole so it is at the same level as it was in the nursery pot. Fill in around the root ball with soil, tamping it down frequently to avoid air pockets. Water thoroughly when done and add an organic mulch, such as bark chips, around the root zone. If planting indoors, make sure the container you choose has enough room for the roots to grow and follow the same directions.
To prune a Yucca, you will need to wear long, thick, gloves as the leaves can be very sharp. In spring, cut back the dead leaves from around the base of the plant. This is natural and has no cause for concern. They will not hurt the plant but are unsightly. You can cut out the central stalk higher up after the plant flowers, this may take a saw as it can be thick. If you have a variety such as Yucca aloifolia that grows quite tall, it can be cut back to control growth in early spring and will resprout from the cut point.
Your Yucca may experience bacterial or fungal diseases such as Cercospora and Coniothyrium, both of which cause black spots on the leaves. Treat diseases such as these with leaf washing when possible, good soil maintenance, and spraying of a fungicide when necessary.The Yucca family has many varieties and often two varieties will have completely different care requirements, so it pays to educate yourself when you purchase a young Yucca plant. One thing common to all varieties is that they do not like soggy soil, especially if they are grown at the northern end of their range.
No, they are not the same but they are often confused with one another. Yuca, with one “c,” is a common name in some parts of the world for Cassava, a woody shrub with an edible root that is a member of the spurge family. It is not related to the Yucca family.
Yucca plants grown inside may experience typical houseplant pests such as aphids, mealybugs, and spider mites. These can be dealt with by wiping down the leaves with a cotton swab dipped in rubbing alcohol. Outdoor pests include agave plant bugs and the Yucca weevil. Keep your Yuccas healthy to avoid leaving them susceptible to infestation.Taking a cutting is a great way to increase your Yucca population. After cutting, allow the branch to dry in a cool place for a few days, then place it in potting soil. Give it indirect light and it should start developing roots in a month. You can also obtain new plants from the offsets that grow on your main plant during the summer. Separate these and plant them in good soil and they should grow on their own.Yes, you can grow a Yucca from seed. Purchase seeds at a nursery or online garden store, or allow a yucca flower to develop fully into a seedpod and then harvest the seeds when they are hard and dry in the fall. Plant seeds in a potting mix designed for cactus and succulents and water. Growth should appear in a month or so.
Water your Yucca with about one inch of water a week until it is established and putting forth new growth. After that, it will only need supplemental watering in the worst drought conditions.Another factor to consider is that Yuccas are large plants that can grow as tall as 30 feet and 25 feet wide. When choosing a location for your Yucca, be aware of its size when fully grown. It is also good to site Yuccas far from driveways and sidewalks, as the sword-like leaves have sharp edges that can hurt bare legs and arms.Most Yuccas are monoecious, meaning that male and female flower parts are found on a single plant. They are pollinated by insects such as the Yucca moth and develop seed pods with small, black seeds late in the season. If you do not want seedlings cropping up around your Yucca, it is best to prune the flower stalk after the flowers have wilted.
Your outdoor Yucca does not need much in the way of nutrients but if you want to encourage growth you can feed it a half-strength solution of balanced fertilizer once a month during the growing season. Your indoor Yucca is more in need of regular fertilizing during summer, using a slow-release product designed for houseplants.
Indoor Yuccas should be treated the same way as one planted outside, give it partial sun, water infrequently and empty the overflow tray so it is not sitting in water, and feed it periodically throughout the growing season. Yucca is an easy plant to grow indoors and can make a definite statement in any room where it is placed.Y. filamentosa: Hardy. Small stemless shrub, clump-forming, deep green leaves edged with curly filaments. Cream or green tinged flowers in panicles to 2m (6ft) in height in late summer. Recommended for hot dry borders and courtyards. Height 75cm (30in). Spread 1.5m (5ft). Offsets occasionally appear at the base of the plant. Remove offsets in March or April. Carefully expose the sucker and cut it off at the base where it joins the parent rhizome. Allow the offset to dry for a couple of days and then place in a propagator as with cuttings or cover with polythene and place in a warm, light area but not direct sunlight. Sow seed in spring at 13-18°C (55-64°F) for hardy yuccas and 19-24°C (66-75°F) for tender ones. To speed germination soak the seed for 24 hours before sowing.Y. elephantipes: Tender. Large, upright shrub or small tree with several trunks growing from near ground level. Ideal for cool conservatory or as a house plant min temp10°C (50°F). Height 10m (30ft). Spread 5-8m (15-25ft).
Y. flaccida ‘Ivory’ AGM: Hardy. Clump-forming, stemless shrub with dark green leaves. White flowers freely borne in panicles 1.5m (5ft) long in mid- to late summer. Suitable for city and courtyard gardens and containers. Height 55cm (22in). Spread 1.5m (5ft).
Yucca adds dramatic architectural effect to borders and courtyards with their bold sword-shaped leaves and panicles of bell-shaped flowers. Tender species make good house or conservatory plants.Add 20-30 percent by volume of extra grit to John Innes No 2 for good drainage. Place in full light, water freely during the growing season from April to September and apply a balanced liquid feed fortnightly. During winter don’t feed and water sparingly allowing the surface 5cm of compost to dry out between watering, then water thoroughly, making sure that surplus water drains through the pot. Turn indoor yuccas regularly to prevent them becoming lopsided as it grows towards the light. If the plant becomes too tall cut back and reduce the height by half. There is a slight risk but healthy plants should respond well. Reduce the plant in spring when growth resumes. The severed upper part can be used for propagation. Yucca requires a sunny position all year, well drained compost and careful watering. A south-facing window would be ideal in winter with an east or west-facing window in summer. Provide light shade from direct summer sun and ventilate freely to encourage air flow to reduce excessive high temperatures. Tender species like Y. elephantipes may be placed outside from the end of May to August in a sheltered spot provided the plant is stable in wind.
How old is yucca?
Yucca pendula grows to about 6 feet and usually takes about 10 years to reach that. Its overall life span is about 20 years.
Generally trouble free when grown outdoors though aphids can be a problem on flowers and snails may damage the leaves. Brown fungal spots can also appear on the leaves.Y. flaccida ‘Golden Sword’ AGM: Hardy. Clump-forming, stem-less shrub with lance-shaped leaves, drooping at the tip and with a central cream-yellow band. Cream-white flowers borne in panicles 1.5m (5ft) to late summer. Suitable for city and courtyard gardens and containers. Height 55cm (22in). Spread 1.5m (5ft).
Over-winter all tender yucca indoors. During winter when not in active growth, Y. elephantipes can tolerate a minimum night temperature of 7°C (45°F) with a day temperature a few degrees higher so can be grown in a cool conservatory.
What is yucca real name?
Yucca filamentosa, commonly called Adam’s needle, Spanish bayonet, yucca and needle palm, is a virtually stemless broadleaf evergreen shrub (though it looks more like a perennial than a shrub) that is native to beaches, sand dunes and fields from South Carolina south to Florida and Mississippi.
Yucca aloifolia: Tender. Simple or sparsely branched stem with terminal rosette of sharp-pointed leaves, bell-shaped white or purple-tinged flowers held above the foliage. Ideal for cool conservatory or as a house plant with min temp 7°C (45°F). Height 8m (25ft). Spread 4-5m (12-15ft).
Yucca can be evergreen perennials, shrubs or trees, with dense or loose rosettes of stiff, sword-shaped leaves and tall panicles of bell-shaped flowers. Larger forms gradually loose the lower leaves to expose a trunk. In frost-prone areas tender yucca species can be grown in a cool greenhouse or conservatory.
Y. gloriosa (Spanish dagger): Hardy. Medium-sized shrub usually a single stem, spine-tipped, stiff, blue-green leaves. Late summer to autumn panicles 2.5m (8ft) in height, of cream, sometimes purple-tinged flowers appear. Ideal for hot dry borders and courtyards. Height and spread 2m (6ft).In spring place stem cuttings 20-25cm long, measured from the tip, in coarse sandy rooting compost. Place in semi-shade in a propagator with bottom heat of at least 18°C (65°F).
Y. gloriosa ‘Variegata’ AGM: Hardy. Medium-sized single-stemmed shrub with stiff, spine-tipped, striped and edged creamy-yellow leaves. Late summer to autumn panicles 2.5m (8ft) in height, cream flowers appear. Ideal for hot dry borders and courtyards. Height and spread 2m (6ft).
How do you care for a blue boy yucca plant?
Yucca Blue BoyUSDA Zone: 8 to 10.Watering Needs: Occasional water, drought tolerant, dry in winter.Sun Needs: Full Sun. Cached
Some yellowing of lower leaves is normal. Sudden yellowing and limpness of lower leaves is due to overwatering. Reduce watering and allow the plant to virtually dry out. If the roots have begun to rot, remove the plant from the pot, and discard excess compost and rotting roots. Re-pot into a pot just large enough to contain the reduced root ball, using a small amount of fresh compost. Place in warm conditions and water sparingly.
Do yuccas like full sun?
Yucca requires a sunny position all year, well drained compost and careful watering. A south-facing window would be ideal in winter with an east or west-facing window in summer. Provide light shade from direct summer sun and ventilate freely to encourage air flow to reduce excessive high temperatures.
The Royal Horticultural Society is the UK’s leading gardening charity. We aim to enrich everyone’s life through plants, and make the UK a greener and more beautiful place.
Do yuccas like full sun or shade?
Tip #1 – Yuccas should receive full sun to part sun. Low light levels cause spindly growth and fewer flowers and nobody likes a skinny Yucca.
Hi There. I got one from Annie’s a year or two ago and it has hardly grown at all (maybe a few inches, having started from a 4″ pot) even thought it’s planted in a sunny spot in Santa Cruz that meets its requirements. I’m being very patient with it, and seeing these pictures keeps me motivated, but did others also find it to be quite slow growing?Samantha, it’s reputed to be OK to zone 7 with protection, so if you’re in an unusually warm microzone in NYC, like the infamous Long Island water effect, but otherwise probably not.
Love it! Just bought one from Annie’s recently and potted it up and put it in my plant ghetto. It is waiting there with all my other cool plants for my next home and garden.Julie, I wouldn’t call it slow here, but it does grow in a tall, snakish fashion that I haven’t seen elsewhere. I’ve seen it grown to perfection in Sonoma, at Cornerstone, but don’t know if it’s still there. I know it struggles in the PNW. Here it makes size steadily and grows tall then flops over along the ground. Maybe yours will grow slowly and stay in a tight rosette.
This is the yucca you talked me into at Annie’s during the Fling! As Cindy from Houston predicted, unfortunately, mine has lost all traces of purple due to our heat. I’m hoping it’ll return this fall. Does yours change color through the seasons?Note: The plant is shipped in its pot, firmly secured with several layers of clear tape, thereby avoiding any shuffling and moving during transit. The plant reaches you with minimal damage- very safe and secure. We have been shipping plants like this for several years (plant are sometimes shipped in smaller pots for safety and ease of shipping). Most plants go dormant in fall and winter and will lose most of their leaves – looking dead and dry – very normal. They will flush out in spring. We cannot send ship some plants and some sizes to California due to restrictions placed by department of agriculture.”
Spectacular dusky purple foliage makes this succulent stand out year-round in the sunny garden! And that’s even before the white blooms arise in summer, dangling dramatically on long, thin stems. Blue Boy is a treat your hot, thirsty garden deserves! This long-lived, rather slow-growing perennial sets new leaves straight up from the center of the rosette-like stem (after time, it will grow several such stems). The new foliage is bright green, turning shades of maroon and icy white before settling into a deep purple. The foliage is very fleshy and firm, but not spiky. Over time, Blue Boy will reach 4 to 6 feet high and up to 5 feet wide, with several stems. In most climates the stems will grow straight upwards, but they may also take a horizontal turn and meander a bit before turning upwards. No two Blue Boys will be identical, which is part of their great charm! And in mid- to late summer, waxy white flowers will erupt from long, thick, pendulous stems in the center of the plant. Very showy, the blooms last for weeks, attracting pollinators and turning heads. Blue Boy is very adaptable to differing conditions and climates, but thrives best in hot, dry climates. Humidity does not seem to be a problem, but the foliage color may vary with the weather. Deer and other nibblers steer clear of this perennial, and periods of drought will not faze it. Few perennials can make such claims! You will absolutely love Blue Boy. Find a special place in a sun-soaked area of the garden for this gem.Yucca Desmetiana Blue Boy is a stunning specimen plant grown with a single stem. Its blue-green leaves make it a popular choice for landscaping. Grows in zones 7-10 and reaches a size of 3-4 feet. What had been a hobby turned into a survival kit. We had to close down our pizza restaurant due to recession in 2008. We had lots of plants in our backyard. Which we started selling on Craigslist. Subsequently, we had to give our nursery a name- which was easy, our dog’s name. Blue Boy Yucca is a nearly stemless evergreen shrub with soft, arching sword-like foliage that emerges blue-grey and matures to a smoky purple. A large central stalk bearing long panicles of nodding translucent white flowers rises in summer. Best color with full sun and dry to medium well-drained soils. It is drought, salt, and shade tolerant.IMAGES: Photoset by Forest and Kim Starr, (1) starr-120301-3451-Yucca_desmetiana-habit-Enchanting_Floral_Gardens_of_Kula-Maui, (2) starr-120301-3452-Yucca_desmetiana-habit-Enchanting_Floral_Gardens_of_Kula-Maui
With these 7 simple tips you can create a desert oasis in your garden with Yucca plants. Once you’ve decided which Yucca to try, be sure to watch our video below to see how to remove dead leaves from your Yucca. Enjoy!
The Yucca plant is a widely popular evergreen, drought tolerant garden perennial. This US native plant has many species and varieties that grow well in our gardens (e.g., Yucca aloifolia, Yucca filamentosa, Yucca gloriosa). There are also plenty of awesome variegated forms to choose from. Here at Plant Delights Nursery, we have been growing Yucca plants in our garden for over 25 years and we want to share the top tips for how to take care of your Yucca plants as well as the names of our favorite yuccas.
Tip #7 – Here at Plant Delights Nursery, we have grown dozens of different Yucca species and cultivars over the years. Below are a few of our favorite variegated and non-variegated species.
Yucca originally grew wild in the southern United States, South America and the Caribbean. The plant flourishes in desert regions, and so copes well with full sun and relative dryness. Some wild species also flower, but it’s unlikely you’ll see your houseplant in bud.
The yucca has long pointy leaves that grow directly out of the soil or trunk. The leaves are green, sometimes with touch of creamy white or yellow, and have a sharp edge. This easygoing houseplant will stretch to fill any space. It can quite comfortably reach a height of 2.5 metres, making it the perfect feature plant to add to a design-led interior.Despite its laid back appeal, the yucca has quite a few symbolic meanings. These include new opportunities, loyalty, protection and purity. The latter is probably derived from this palm’s talents for recycling the air around it.The yucca plant, or palm lily, is a tough character that you can guarantee will always be around. This low-maintenance plant, with its irresistible combination of strength and reliability, makes a brilliant addition to any interior.Blue Boy Yucca features bold panicles of white bell-shaped flowers rising above the foliage from mid to late summer. It has attractive purple-variegated olive green foliage with hints of burgundy. The sword-like leaves are highly ornamental and remain olive green throughout the winter.This compact variety bears narrow, gracefully arching leaves that are cast in purple; stout spikes of translucent white, pendulous bell flowers in summer; easy to grow, and good for dry sites and coastal areas; great for borders, patios and containers
Is A yucca a male or female?
Most Yuccas are monoecious, meaning that male and female flower parts are found on a single plant. They are pollinated by insects such as the Yucca moth and develop seed pods with small, black seeds late in the season.
This shrub will require occasional maintenance and upkeep, and should not require much pruning, except when necessary, such as to remove dieback. Deer don’t particularly care for this plant and will usually leave it alone in favor of tastier treats. It has no significant negative characteristics.
